近日，熱門選手
和馬
退賽《創造營2021》。阿里旗下生鮮平臺@
盒馬
官方微博發文內涵涮企鵝，並稱這個“企鵝”是沒有心的。
借（cèng）此（gè）機（rè）會（diǎn），我們來學學《國家地理（National Geographic）》雜誌對企鵝的科普文章，看看企鵝到底有沒有心。
無註釋原文：
Penguins are flightless seabirds that live almost exclusively below the equator。 Some island-dwellers can be found in warmer climates， but most—including emperor， adélie， chinstrap， and gentoo penguins—reside in and around icy Antarctica。 A thick layer of blubber and tightly-packed， oily feathers are ideal for colder temperatures。
The 18 different species of penguins can vary widely in shape and size but all have black bodies and white bellies。 This protective countershading allows them to hide from predators like leopard seals and orcas while they swim。
While penguins can’t fly， their stiff flippers， webbed feet， and sleek shape make them expert swimmers。 In fact， they spend most of their lives in the ocean and do nearly all of their hunting for krill， squid， and crabs underwater。 They can swim about 15 miles an hour， and when they want to go faster， they often porpoise， or leap out of the water as they swim。
Life on land
On land， penguins have an upright stance and tend to waddle， hop， or run with their bodies angled forward。 Polar penguins can travel long distances quickly by “tobogganing，” or sliding across the ice on their bellies and pushing forward with their feet。 If it’s especially cold， they huddle together in large colonies that protect them from predators and provide warmth。 These colonies consist of thousands， and even millions， of penguins。
Breeding
Penguins come ashore to lay their eggs and raise their chicks。 Most penguins stay with their mate for many years and lay only one or two eggs at a time。 Parents take turns keeping their eggs warm， and when they hatch， feeding and protecting the chicks。 For a few weeks each year， thousands of baby birds wait together while their parents forage for food。 When mother and father return， chicks listen for the unique audio frequency of their parents’ call， allowing them to reunite in a large， noisy crowd。
Soon after the chicks fledge， parents will begin molting。 Unlike some birds that shed a few feathers at a time， penguins lose all their feathers at once during a process called catastrophic molt。 They condense this process to just a few weeks because they must fast during this time—they can’t hunt without their waterproof feathers。
Conservation and threats
About two-thirds of penguin species are listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List， making them one of the most endangered seabirds。 Loss of habitat， disease， and infectious diseases spread by tourists loom as threats。 Commercial fishing in the Southern Ocean is also a significant concern， as it has reduced fish supply by about half in the Antarctic Peninsula。 This forces many penguins to compete for food， and puts them in danger of getting accidentally captured by fishing nets。
Among the biggest threats to penguin populations is climate change。 Warming in the polar regions has melted sea ice， which penguins depend on to find food and build nests。 Rapidly changing conditions mean Antarctica could lose most of its penguins to climate change by the end of the century。 To survive， they may have to relocate to new habitats。
- ◆ -
注：中文文字為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應
含註釋全文：
Penguins are flightless seabirds that live almostexclusivelybelow theequator。 Some island-dwellerscan be found in warmer climates， but most—including emperor， adélie， chinstrap， and gentoo penguins—reside in and around icy
Antarctica
。 A thick layer ofblubberandtightly-packed， oily feathers are ideal for colder temperatures。
企鵝（Penguins）是不會飛的海鳥，幾乎只生活在赤道以下。在溫暖的氣候中能夠發現一些棲息在島嶼上的企鵝，但大多數——包括帝企鵝、阿德利（adélie）企鵝、帽帶企鵝和巴布亞企鵝——都居住在冰冷的南極洲（Antarctica）及其周圍。一層厚厚的脂肪和緊密包裹的油性羽毛，是低溫的理想選擇。
exclusive
1）表示“昂貴的；高檔的；豪華的”，英文解釋為“expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class”，如：an exclusive private club 豪華私人俱樂部。
2）表示“專用的，專有的；獨有的，獨佔的”，英文解釋為“limited to only one person or group of people”，如：an exclusive interview 獨家採訪，舉個：
This room is for theexclusiveuseof guests。
這個房間是專供客人使用的。
equator
equator /ɪˈkweɪtə/ 表示“赤道”，英文解釋為“The equator is an imaginary line around the middle of the earth at an equal distance from the North Pole and the South Pole。”
dweller
表示“居民；居住者；棲身者”，英文解釋為“a person or an animal that lives in the particular place that is mentioned”如：apartment dwellers 公寓房客。
blubber /ˈblʌbə/
表示“海洋動物的脂肪”，英文解釋為“Blubber is the fat of whales， seals， and similar sea animals。”
The 18 different species of penguins can vary widely in shape and size but all have black bodies and whitebellies。 This protectivecountershadingallows them to hide frompredatorslike leopard seals and orcas while they swim。
18種不同種類的企鵝在形狀和大小上有很大的差異，但都有黑色的身體和白色的腹部。這種保護性的反廕庇讓它們在游泳時可以躲避豹形海豹（leopard seals）和虎鯨（orcas）等捕食者。
belly
表示“腹部；肚子”，英文解釋為“the part of the body below the chest”。
countershading
表示“（動物）反廕庇”，英文解釋為“a pattern， serving as camouflage， in which dark colours occur on parts of the body exposed to the light and pale colours on parts in the shade”。
據維基百科，反影偽裝是一種偽裝方法，即動物體表的著色在上側較暗，而在身體的下側較淺。這就是為什麼大多數動物背部毛色深，腹部毛色淺。這一發現被稱為“賽耶定律”（Thayer‘s law），利用這一原理實現隱身的方法被稱為“反廕庇”（Countershading）。
predator
1）表示“尾隨傷害他人者，尾隨作案者”，英文解釋為“someone who follows people in order to harm them or commit a crime against them”，如：a sexual predator 尾隨作案的色魔；
2）表示“捕食性動物，食肉動物”，英文解釋為“an animal that hunts， kills， and eats other animals”。
《經濟學人》（The Economist）一篇講述病毒引發大流行病的文章中提到：Humans think of themselves as the world’sapex predators。 人類自認為是世界上的頂級捕食者。
While penguins can‘t fly， theirstiffflippers， webbed feet， and sleek shape make them expert swimmers。 In fact， they spend most of their lives in the ocean and do nearly all of their hunting for
krill
，
squid
， and
crabs
underwater。 They can swim about 15 miles an hour， and when they want to go faster， they oftenporpoise， orleap out of the wateras they swim。
雖然企鵝不會飛，但它們堅硬的腳蹼、蹼足和光滑的外形使它們成為游泳專家。事實上，它們大部分時間都是在海里度過的，捕食磷蝦（krill）、魷魚（squid）和螃蟹（crabs）等獵物幾乎都是在水下。它們每小時可以遊15英里，當它們想遊得更快的時候，它們經常會在遊動的過程中，從水裡跳出來。
stiff
表示“不易彎曲（或活動）的；硬的；挺的”，英文解釋為“firm and difficult to bend or move”如：stiff cardboard 硬紙板。
porpoise
porpoise /ˈpɔːpəs/ 作名詞，表示“鈍吻海豚；鼠海豚”，英文解釋為“a sea animal that looks like a large fish with a pointed mouth。 Porpoises are similar to dolphins but smaller。” 此處作動詞，指的就是像這種海豚一樣跳起來（to leap or plunge like a porpoise）。
Life on land 陸地上的生活
On land， penguins have anuprightstance and tend towaddle， hop， or run with their bodies angled forward。 Polar penguins can travel long distances quickly by “tobogganing，” or sliding across the ice on their bellies and pushing forward with their feet。 If it’s especially cold， theyhuddletogether in largecoloniesthat protect them from predators and provide warmth。 These colonies consist of thousands， and even millions， of penguins。
在陸地上，企鵝的姿態是直立的，往往會搖擺，蹦跳，或者身體向前傾斜著跑。極地企鵝可以透過“平底雪橇”的方式，用腹部滑過冰面，用腳向前推動，快速地進行長距離的旅行。如果天氣特別冷，它們就會蜷縮在一起，形成一個大的群落，以保護它們免受掠食者的侵害，並提供溫暖。這些群落由數千只甚至數百萬只企鵝組成。
upright
表示“豎直的；直立的；垂直的”，英文解釋為“placed in a vertical position”舉個：
Keep the bottleupright。
保持瓶子直立。
waddle
表示“（鴨子似地）蹣跚行走，搖擺地行走”，英文解釋為“to walk with short steps， swinging from side to side， like a duck”舉個：
He pushed himself laboriously out of the chair andwaddledto the window。
他吃力地從椅子上站起來，蹣跚走到了窗前。
toboggan
toboggan /təˈbɒɡən/ 作名詞，表示“長雪橇；平底長雪橇”，英文解釋為“a long light narrow sledge（= a vehicle that slides over snow） sometimes curved up in front， used for sliding down slopes”；作動詞，表示“坐長雪橇滑行”，英文解釋為“to travel down a slope on snow or ice using a toboggan”。
huddle
1） 表示“（尤因寒冷或恐懼而）（使）擠作一團，（使）聚成一堆”，英文解釋為“if a group of people huddle together， they stay very close to each other， especially because they are cold or frightened”舉個：
Peoplehuddledaround the radio， waiting for news。
人們聚集在收音機旁，等候訊息。
2） 表示“（一小群人）聚集（私下討論某事）”，英文解釋為“to sit or stand with a small group of people in order to discuss something privately”舉個：
The executive boardhuddledto discuss the issue。
管理層聚在一起討論那個問題。
colony
colony /ˈkɒlənɪ/大家熟悉的“殖民地”這一意思就不多說了。colony還有幾個比較有趣的意思。1）表示“（某一類人的）聚居區”，英文解釋為：You can refer to a place where a particular group of people lives as a particular kind of colony，比如《甄嬛傳》中的寧古塔就可以說是a penal colony（一個罪犯的流放地）。
2）表示“（生物）居住在一起的群體”，英文解釋為A colony of birds， insects， or animals is a group of them that live together。 舉個：
The islands are famed for their colonies of sea birds。
這些島嶼因有成群的海鳥居住而聞名。
還有看動物世界的時候，水牛什麼的經常是一群群的，就可以用a buffalo colony表示。
Breeding 繁殖
Penguinscomeashoreto lay their eggs and raise theirchicks。 Most penguins stay with their mate for many years and lay only one or two eggs at a time。 Parentstake turnskeeping their eggs warm， and when theyhatch， feeding and protecting the chicks。 For a few weeks each year， thousands of baby birds wait together while their parentsforagefor food。 When mother and father return， chicks listen for the unique audio frequency of their parents‘ call， allowing them to reunite in a large， noisy crowd。
企鵝上岸產卵，養育幼雛。大多數企鵝與配偶在一起生活多年，每次只產一兩個蛋。父母輪流為蛋保暖，孵化後還要餵養和保護幼雛。每年有幾周的時間，成千上萬的企鵝寶寶在一起等待，而它們的父母則在覓食。當母親和父親回來時，幼雛會傾聽父母獨特的聲音訊率，讓它們在嘈雜的大人群中團聚。
ashore
表示“向（或在）岸上；向（或在）陸地”，英文解釋為“towards， onto or on land， having come from an area of water such as the sea or a river”如：to come/go ashore 上岸。
chick
表示“雛鳥；（尤指）雛雞，小雞”，英文解釋為“a baby bird， especially a baby chicken”。
hatch
表示“孵出，孵蛋，出殼”，英文解釋為“to （cause an egg to） break in order to allow a young animal to come out”舉個：
The eggshatchafter a week or ten days。
這些蛋1周或10天后孵化。
The young disappeared soon after they werehatched。
幼崽孵出後不久就不見了。
forage
表示“覓（食）”，英文解釋為“to search for food”舉個：
We disturbed a wild boar that had beenforagingby the roadside。
我們驚動了一隻在路邊覓食的野公豬。
Soon after the chicksfledge， parents will beginmolting。 Unlike some birds thatsheda few feathersat a time， penguins lose all their feathers at once during a process calledcatastrophic molt。 Theycondensethis process to just a few weeks because they mustfastduring this time—they can’t hunt without their waterproof feathers。
幼雛羽毛長成後不久，父母就會開始脫羽。與一些鳥類一次只脫落幾根羽毛不同的是，企鵝在一個叫做“災難性脫羽”的過程中，一次就會失去所有的羽毛。它們將這一過程濃縮到只有幾周，因為它們在這期間必須禁食，沒有防水的羽毛它們就無法捕獵。
fledge
fledge /flɛdʒ/ 表示“羽毛長成，養（小鳥）到能飛”，英文解釋為“（of a young bird） to grow feathers；to feed and care for （a young bird） until it is able to fly”。
molt
英式moult，美式molt，表示“換羽；蛻毛”，英文解釋為“to lose feathers or hair before new feathers or hair grow”舉個：
Like most aquatic insects， mayfliesmoultas they grow。
像大多數水生昆蟲一樣，蜉蝣在成長過程中換羽。
shed
作動詞，可以表示“（植物）落（葉）；（動物）蛻（皮），脫（毛）”，英文解釋為“if a plant sheds its leaves or if an animal sheds skin or hair， they fall off as part of a natural process”舉個：
The trees were starting toshedtheir leaves。
樹木開始落葉了。
condense
表示“簡縮；壓縮（文字、資訊等）”，英文解釋為“to put sth such as a piece of writing into fewer words； to put a lot of information into a small space”舉個：
The article wascondensedinto just two pages。
這篇文章被簡縮成僅兩頁。
fast
1）作動詞，熟詞僻義，表示“禁食；齋戒”，英文解釋為“to eat little or no food for a period of time， especially for religious or health reasons”，舉個：
One day a week hefastsfor health reasons。
他出於健康考慮每週禁食一天。
2）作名詞，同樣可以表示“禁食期；齋戒期”（a period of time when you eat no food），如：break one‘s fast就可以解釋為開戒，英文解釋為“to eat food for the first time after fasting， or for the first time in the day”舉個：
Hundreds of prisonersbegan a fast。
數百名犯人開始絕食。
Conservation and threats 保護和威脅
About two-thirds of penguin species are listed as threatened onthe IUCN Red List， making them one of the mostendangeredseabirds。 Loss of habitat， disease， and infectious diseases spread by touristsloomas threats。 Commercial fishing in the
Southern Ocean
is also a significant concern， as it has reduced fish supply by about half in the
Antarctic Peninsula
。 This forces many penguins tocompete for food， and puts them in danger of getting accidentally captured by fishing nets。
在世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄中，約有三分之二的企鵝物種被列為瀕危物種，使它們成為最瀕危的海鳥之一。棲息地的喪失、疾病和遊客傳播的傳染病都是威脅。南大洋（Southern Ocean）的商業捕魚也是一個重要的問題，因為這使南極半島（Antarctic Peninsula）的魚類供應量減少了大約一半，迫使許多企鵝爭奪食物，並面臨被漁網意外捕獲的危險。
注：IUCN全稱 The International Union for Conservation of Nature。
endangered
endangered表示“有危險的；瀕臨滅絕的”，英文解釋為“in danger of being harmed， lost， unsuccessful， etc。”，如：endangered wildlife 瀕危野生動物，endangered birds/plants/species瀕危鳥類/植物/物種。
loom
表示“（令人擔憂的或危險的情形或事件）可能發生；逐漸逼近”，英文解釋為“If a worrying or threatening situation or event is looming， it seems likely to happen soon。”舉個：
The threat of renewed civil warloomsahead。
新一輪內戰的威脅在逼近。
Among the biggest threats to penguin populations is climate change。 Warming in the polar regions has melted sea ice， which penguins depend on to find food and build nests。 Rapidly changing conditions mean
Antarctica
could lose most of its penguins to climate change by the end of the century。 To survive， they may have to relocate to new habitats。
對企鵝種群的最大威脅之一是氣候變化。極地地區的氣候變暖使海冰融化，而企鵝依靠海冰尋找食物和建造巢穴。迅速變化的環境意味著南極洲（Antarctica）可能在本世紀末因氣候變化而失去大部分企鵝。為了生存，它們可能不得不遷移到新的棲息地。
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